TY - GEN
T1 - Moving Denmark
T2 - Physical Activity Beliefs and Motivation Within and Across Life
AU - Westerskov Dalgas, Birgitte
PY - 2024/3/27
Y1 - 2024/3/27
N2 - This thesis is conducted in response to the growing concerns about sedentary lifestyles
and their impact on public health, where understanding the motivational aspects of
physical activity has become imperative. I aimed to explore how physical activity beliefs and motivation are influenced within and across life.The study drew on Theory of Planned Behaviour and Self-determination Theory. Theory of Planned Behaviour focuses on how beliefs, attitudes, and social norms influence
behavioural intentions and, consequently, behaviour. Self-determination theory emphasises the role of basic psychological needs—autonomy, competence, and relatedness—in shaping the quality and sustainability of the motivation behind the behaviour.The aim of the study was explored through the use of long individual semi-structured
interviews with 42 Danish adults selected through purposeful maximum variation sampling (Criteria: Physical activity frequency level, age, gender and geographical location), ensuring a diverse range of experiences with physical activity. The interview data
were analysed using codebook thematic analysis, specifically, the framework method,
which allowed for the early identification of a framework of themes while maintaining
the flexibility for the inductive generation of new themes.The study was reported in three papers. Paper 1 examined the influence of life transitions on physical activity beliefs and behaviour through the lens of the Theory of
Planned Behaviour. Paper 2 explored the variations in psychological need satisfaction,
frustration, and unfulfillment within physical activity domains using Self-determination Theory. Paper 3 investigated the restoration of psychological needs after incidences
of frustration and unfulfillment in physical activity contexts, focusing on the strategies
that individuals employ to restore their psychological needs.Looking into the results, the first paper identifies six key transitions that notably influence individuals' physical activity beliefs and behaviour. While transitions like beginning school, starting a career, and forming relationships often lead to reduced physical
activity intention due to increased sedentary environments and responsibilities, transitions such as leaving home and retiring can enhance physical activity intentions.The results of the second paper suggest that psychological need satisfaction and frustration in physical activity vary across domains, which influences motivation. The utilitarian view on activities within the transport and household domains often leads to need
unfulfillment, while perceived personal relevance and collaborative tasks can enhance
need satisfaction. In the occupation domain, alignment with personal interests and social support are crucial for need satisfaction. The results on need satisfaction within the
recreational domain underscore a complex interplay between perceived obligation for
future health, personal values, and social factors in shaping motivation. These findings
highlight the diverse need-supportive nature of physical activity domains and the potential for need satisfaction within each.The third paper demonstrated that the strategies restoring psychological need after incidences of need frustration and need unfulfillment diverge; individuals 'fight back'
against experiences of need unfulfillment by making adjustments or engaging in new
activities, whereas they 'flight' from experiences of need frustration by avoiding or disengaging from adverse situations. Our findings further indicate that the context of need
frustration—voluntary or obligatory—significantly influences restoration strategy longevity, emphasising the lasting influence of need frustration in physical education.Synthesising the findings of the three papers, the study demonstrates the significant impact of our life experiences on physical activity beliefs, motivation, and behaviour. It
highlights that not only do current life situations, such as transitions and the need-support within different life domains, influence our beliefs in relation to and motivation
for physical activity, but early experiences and future expectations also play important
roles. Negative experiences in early life, especially within compulsory settings like
physical education, can lead to long-term avoidance of physical activities. Conversely,
positive anticipations regarding future health can motivate physical activity. However,
the quality and sustainability of this motivation are contingent upon the satisfaction of
psychological needs within the selected physical activities.The study enriches the Theory of Planned Behaviour by reconceptualising background
factors as active influencers of attitudes, norms, and perceived behavioural control rather than mere controls and suggesting life transitions as a background factor. It also refines Self-determination Theory by distinguishing between need frustration and unfulfillment in the process of restoring psychological need, highlighting the role of human
agency in addressing these challenges. The findings further provide practical insights for enhancing physical activity through
adaptable interventions and strategies, emphasising the significance of life transitions,
early life experiences, and a domain-sensitive approach. It highlights the need for context-sensitive, need-supportive measures that consider the unique challenges of different life domains, advocating for interventions that focus on satisfying basic psychological needs to promote sustained physical activity engagement.
AB - This thesis is conducted in response to the growing concerns about sedentary lifestyles
and their impact on public health, where understanding the motivational aspects of
physical activity has become imperative. I aimed to explore how physical activity beliefs and motivation are influenced within and across life.The study drew on Theory of Planned Behaviour and Self-determination Theory. Theory of Planned Behaviour focuses on how beliefs, attitudes, and social norms influence
behavioural intentions and, consequently, behaviour. Self-determination theory emphasises the role of basic psychological needs—autonomy, competence, and relatedness—in shaping the quality and sustainability of the motivation behind the behaviour.The aim of the study was explored through the use of long individual semi-structured
interviews with 42 Danish adults selected through purposeful maximum variation sampling (Criteria: Physical activity frequency level, age, gender and geographical location), ensuring a diverse range of experiences with physical activity. The interview data
were analysed using codebook thematic analysis, specifically, the framework method,
which allowed for the early identification of a framework of themes while maintaining
the flexibility for the inductive generation of new themes.The study was reported in three papers. Paper 1 examined the influence of life transitions on physical activity beliefs and behaviour through the lens of the Theory of
Planned Behaviour. Paper 2 explored the variations in psychological need satisfaction,
frustration, and unfulfillment within physical activity domains using Self-determination Theory. Paper 3 investigated the restoration of psychological needs after incidences
of frustration and unfulfillment in physical activity contexts, focusing on the strategies
that individuals employ to restore their psychological needs.Looking into the results, the first paper identifies six key transitions that notably influence individuals' physical activity beliefs and behaviour. While transitions like beginning school, starting a career, and forming relationships often lead to reduced physical
activity intention due to increased sedentary environments and responsibilities, transitions such as leaving home and retiring can enhance physical activity intentions.The results of the second paper suggest that psychological need satisfaction and frustration in physical activity vary across domains, which influences motivation. The utilitarian view on activities within the transport and household domains often leads to need
unfulfillment, while perceived personal relevance and collaborative tasks can enhance
need satisfaction. In the occupation domain, alignment with personal interests and social support are crucial for need satisfaction. The results on need satisfaction within the
recreational domain underscore a complex interplay between perceived obligation for
future health, personal values, and social factors in shaping motivation. These findings
highlight the diverse need-supportive nature of physical activity domains and the potential for need satisfaction within each.The third paper demonstrated that the strategies restoring psychological need after incidences of need frustration and need unfulfillment diverge; individuals 'fight back'
against experiences of need unfulfillment by making adjustments or engaging in new
activities, whereas they 'flight' from experiences of need frustration by avoiding or disengaging from adverse situations. Our findings further indicate that the context of need
frustration—voluntary or obligatory—significantly influences restoration strategy longevity, emphasising the lasting influence of need frustration in physical education.Synthesising the findings of the three papers, the study demonstrates the significant impact of our life experiences on physical activity beliefs, motivation, and behaviour. It
highlights that not only do current life situations, such as transitions and the need-support within different life domains, influence our beliefs in relation to and motivation
for physical activity, but early experiences and future expectations also play important
roles. Negative experiences in early life, especially within compulsory settings like
physical education, can lead to long-term avoidance of physical activities. Conversely,
positive anticipations regarding future health can motivate physical activity. However,
the quality and sustainability of this motivation are contingent upon the satisfaction of
psychological needs within the selected physical activities.The study enriches the Theory of Planned Behaviour by reconceptualising background
factors as active influencers of attitudes, norms, and perceived behavioural control rather than mere controls and suggesting life transitions as a background factor. It also refines Self-determination Theory by distinguishing between need frustration and unfulfillment in the process of restoring psychological need, highlighting the role of human
agency in addressing these challenges. The findings further provide practical insights for enhancing physical activity through
adaptable interventions and strategies, emphasising the significance of life transitions,
early life experiences, and a domain-sensitive approach. It highlights the need for context-sensitive, need-supportive measures that consider the unique challenges of different life domains, advocating for interventions that focus on satisfying basic psychological needs to promote sustained physical activity engagement.
U2 - 10.21996/eeaj-5760
DO - 10.21996/eeaj-5760
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -