TY - GEN
T1 - Low-dose Quetiapine
T2 - Utilization and Cardiometabolic Risk
AU - Højlund, Mikkel
PY - 2022/9/12
Y1 - 2022/9/12
N2 - Antipsychotics are generally approved for treatment of severe
mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, mania, or bipolar disorder. However, they are frequently used in other psychiatric
disorders for their anxiolytic, sedative, or hypnotic properties. Of
all antipsychotics, quetiapine has become the most widely used
in many countries, and with high rates of off-label use. When
this PhD project was initiated, there was only sparse evidence
on adverse events with off-label, low-dose use of quetiapine,
and the long-term safety was yet to be explored. This project
set out to i) map the extent of off-label use of antipsychotics in
Denmark, and ii) to investigate the safety of low-dose quetiapine
with regards to long-term adverse events, such as diabetes and
cardiovascular disease. The following paragraphs summarize the
four studies that constitute the PhD. Study I assessed the occurrence of psychiatric, neurological, or
cancer diagnoses (’relevant diagnoses’) among all individuals
who filled prescriptions for antipsychotics in Denmark between
1997 and 2018. The main findings were as follows: i) the group
without diagnoses of severe mental disorders comprised 2 of 3
users in 2018; ii) while the proportion of users without records
of relevant diagnoses had decreased from 1997 to 2018, the use
in other diagnostic groups had increased (e.g. major depression,
neurotic or stress-related conditions, and sleep disorders); iii)
antipsychotics such as chlorprothixene, flupentixol, levomepromazine, and quetiapine were commonly prescribed to individuals without relevant diagnoses, and iv) quetiapine was the most
frequently used antipsychotic in 2018, both overall (51% of users)
and among those without relevant diagnoses (58% of users in
this group).Study II assessed the risk of diabetes with off-label use of quetiapine in low-doses (≤50mg/day) among adults, using a newuser, active comparator-controlled cohort design. The incidence
rate of diabetes was not higher among low-dose quetiapineinitiators than among a mentally ill reference-population of
selective serotonin reuptake-inhibitor (SSRI) initiators. Furthermore, increasing cumulative doses of quetiapine, as low dose
treatment, were not associated with an increased risk of diabetes.
However, increasing cumulative dose was associated with increased risk of diabetes, when including off-label treatment with
higher tablet strengths.Study III assessed the risk of major adverse cardiovascular
events (MACE: myocardial infarction, stroke, or death from
cardiovascular causes) with off-label, low-dose use of quetiapine among adults in a new-user, active comparator-controlled
cohort design. The risk of MACE was increased with initiation of low-dose quetiapine, compared to initiation of Z-drughypnotics or SSRIs. The increased risk of MACE was driven by
an increased risk of death from cardiovascular causes among
low-dose quetiapine-users, whereas no increase was found in
the risk of myocardial infarction or stroke. However, the risk of
stroke increased with continuous use.Study IV investigated the effect of low-dose quetiapine-treatment
on glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)-, triglyceride-, and
cholesterol-levels in a new-user cohort design. Initiation of
low-dose quetiapine was only associated with clear increases
in fasting triglycerides and decreases in HDL cholesterol-levels,
whereas HbA1c- and total/LDL cholesterol-levels did not change
after initiation of low-dose quetiapine. However, among those
with normal levels before initiation, use of low-dose quetiapine
was associated with changes in both HbA1c- and cholesterollevels. Additionally, the study found that individuals with abnormal levels of HbA1c or cholesterols prior to initiation of lowdose quetiapine were more likely to be monitored after initiation
of quetiapine, and that the proportion of low-dose quetiapineusers with available blood test results was low (<10%).The present project contributes to the ongoing debate regarding
the appropriateness and safety of off-label use of antipsychotic
medications. First, it provides an updated and comprehensive
assessment of antipsychotic use in Denmark, which can serve
as a basis for future discussion, exploration, or intervention
regarding off-label use of antipsychotics. Second, it provides
novel data on the cardiometabolic safety of quetiapine in its
increasingly common role – used in low doses as anxiolytic or
hypnotic.
AB - Antipsychotics are generally approved for treatment of severe
mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, mania, or bipolar disorder. However, they are frequently used in other psychiatric
disorders for their anxiolytic, sedative, or hypnotic properties. Of
all antipsychotics, quetiapine has become the most widely used
in many countries, and with high rates of off-label use. When
this PhD project was initiated, there was only sparse evidence
on adverse events with off-label, low-dose use of quetiapine,
and the long-term safety was yet to be explored. This project
set out to i) map the extent of off-label use of antipsychotics in
Denmark, and ii) to investigate the safety of low-dose quetiapine
with regards to long-term adverse events, such as diabetes and
cardiovascular disease. The following paragraphs summarize the
four studies that constitute the PhD. Study I assessed the occurrence of psychiatric, neurological, or
cancer diagnoses (’relevant diagnoses’) among all individuals
who filled prescriptions for antipsychotics in Denmark between
1997 and 2018. The main findings were as follows: i) the group
without diagnoses of severe mental disorders comprised 2 of 3
users in 2018; ii) while the proportion of users without records
of relevant diagnoses had decreased from 1997 to 2018, the use
in other diagnostic groups had increased (e.g. major depression,
neurotic or stress-related conditions, and sleep disorders); iii)
antipsychotics such as chlorprothixene, flupentixol, levomepromazine, and quetiapine were commonly prescribed to individuals without relevant diagnoses, and iv) quetiapine was the most
frequently used antipsychotic in 2018, both overall (51% of users)
and among those without relevant diagnoses (58% of users in
this group).Study II assessed the risk of diabetes with off-label use of quetiapine in low-doses (≤50mg/day) among adults, using a newuser, active comparator-controlled cohort design. The incidence
rate of diabetes was not higher among low-dose quetiapineinitiators than among a mentally ill reference-population of
selective serotonin reuptake-inhibitor (SSRI) initiators. Furthermore, increasing cumulative doses of quetiapine, as low dose
treatment, were not associated with an increased risk of diabetes.
However, increasing cumulative dose was associated with increased risk of diabetes, when including off-label treatment with
higher tablet strengths.Study III assessed the risk of major adverse cardiovascular
events (MACE: myocardial infarction, stroke, or death from
cardiovascular causes) with off-label, low-dose use of quetiapine among adults in a new-user, active comparator-controlled
cohort design. The risk of MACE was increased with initiation of low-dose quetiapine, compared to initiation of Z-drughypnotics or SSRIs. The increased risk of MACE was driven by
an increased risk of death from cardiovascular causes among
low-dose quetiapine-users, whereas no increase was found in
the risk of myocardial infarction or stroke. However, the risk of
stroke increased with continuous use.Study IV investigated the effect of low-dose quetiapine-treatment
on glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)-, triglyceride-, and
cholesterol-levels in a new-user cohort design. Initiation of
low-dose quetiapine was only associated with clear increases
in fasting triglycerides and decreases in HDL cholesterol-levels,
whereas HbA1c- and total/LDL cholesterol-levels did not change
after initiation of low-dose quetiapine. However, among those
with normal levels before initiation, use of low-dose quetiapine
was associated with changes in both HbA1c- and cholesterollevels. Additionally, the study found that individuals with abnormal levels of HbA1c or cholesterols prior to initiation of lowdose quetiapine were more likely to be monitored after initiation
of quetiapine, and that the proportion of low-dose quetiapineusers with available blood test results was low (<10%).The present project contributes to the ongoing debate regarding
the appropriateness and safety of off-label use of antipsychotic
medications. First, it provides an updated and comprehensive
assessment of antipsychotic use in Denmark, which can serve
as a basis for future discussion, exploration, or intervention
regarding off-label use of antipsychotics. Second, it provides
novel data on the cardiometabolic safety of quetiapine in its
increasingly common role – used in low doses as anxiolytic or
hypnotic.
U2 - 10.21996/mr3m-1783
DO - 10.21996/mr3m-1783
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -