TY - GEN
T1 - Cerebral energy metabolism during haemorrhagic shock and the concept of permissive hypotension
AU - Peter Jakobsen, Rasmus
PY - 2022/4/21
Y1 - 2022/4/21
N2 - Haemorrhagic shock continues to be the leading cause of preventable deaths from trauma. Trauma results
in both tissue damage and haemorrhage, and if severe enough – haemorrhagic shock. Throughout recent
years, Damage Control Resuscitation has become widely accepted as the primary strategy in treating
haemorrhagic shock. Damage Control Resuscitation incorporates a wide range of techniques, including
permissive hypotension. The clinician allows the systemic blood pressure to decrease to below normal
limits in permissive hypotension to minimise the bleeding. However, the apparent danger of permissive
hypotension is that blood supply to the organs, and especially the brain, is at risk of being compromised.
The use of norepinephrine in the case of life-threatening haemorrhagic shock is still controversial and not
widely accepted. No clear evidence exists whether the use of norepinephrine results in a survival benefit
nor if norepinephrine results in cerebral vasoconstriction and compromised cerebral metabolism. With the
use of the in-vivo technique of microdialysis, it is possible to examine the metabolic redox state of the brain
via the changes in the relationship between lactate and pyruvate. The thesis aims at defining the concept of
permissive hypotension based on the variables related to cerebral energy metabolism obtained by
microdialysis and routine biochemical analyses (lactate, pyruvate, glucose, glutamate, glycerol):To answer the research questions, we conducted three exploratory animal studies. The first describing the
biochemical pattern when the decrease in MAP causes pronounced ischemia (depletion of oxygen and
substrate) resulting in irreversible cell damage. The second study describing the biochemical pattern when
the decrease in MAP causes a moderate reduction of CBF (pronounced decrease in oxygen at continued
supply of substrate) compatible with a normalization at re-transfusion. And the third the biochemical
pattern when pronounced hypotension due to haemorrhagic shock is treated with norepinephrine to
normalize MAP. Lastly, we examined if it is possible to use microdialysis of the draining venous cerebral
blood to evaluate perturbation of global cerebral energy metabolism during haemorrhagic shock.In summary, the thesis demonstrates that the level of MAP and the duration of arterial hypotension during
haemorrhagic shock are not sufficient criteria to determine whether irreversible brain damage will occur or
not. From a clinical perspective, group data from large studies a used to establish general
recommendations. These recommendations are not necessarily adequate for the individual patient and
recent guidelines emphasize that individual considerations should be taken. However, there is presently no
clinical routine technique available to determine the individual limits.We have shown that intracerebral microdialysis may be used to determine the biochemical pattern when
haemorrhagic shock will cause irreversible tissue damage. The pattern is different from that obtained
during a moderate reduction in cerebral blood flow compatible with a normalization of energy metabolism
after re-transfusion. Further, we have shown that early treatment with norepinephrine (i.e., before the
biochemical variables indicate pronounced ischemia with depletion of oxygen and substrate) may
normalize energy metabolism before re-transfusion. As intracerebral microdialysis will hardly be an option
during severe haemorrhagic shock under clinical conditions, we have examined whether microdialysis of
the draining venous blood may be used as a surrogate marker during a dangerous deterioration of cerebral
energy metabolism.
AB - Haemorrhagic shock continues to be the leading cause of preventable deaths from trauma. Trauma results
in both tissue damage and haemorrhage, and if severe enough – haemorrhagic shock. Throughout recent
years, Damage Control Resuscitation has become widely accepted as the primary strategy in treating
haemorrhagic shock. Damage Control Resuscitation incorporates a wide range of techniques, including
permissive hypotension. The clinician allows the systemic blood pressure to decrease to below normal
limits in permissive hypotension to minimise the bleeding. However, the apparent danger of permissive
hypotension is that blood supply to the organs, and especially the brain, is at risk of being compromised.
The use of norepinephrine in the case of life-threatening haemorrhagic shock is still controversial and not
widely accepted. No clear evidence exists whether the use of norepinephrine results in a survival benefit
nor if norepinephrine results in cerebral vasoconstriction and compromised cerebral metabolism. With the
use of the in-vivo technique of microdialysis, it is possible to examine the metabolic redox state of the brain
via the changes in the relationship between lactate and pyruvate. The thesis aims at defining the concept of
permissive hypotension based on the variables related to cerebral energy metabolism obtained by
microdialysis and routine biochemical analyses (lactate, pyruvate, glucose, glutamate, glycerol):To answer the research questions, we conducted three exploratory animal studies. The first describing the
biochemical pattern when the decrease in MAP causes pronounced ischemia (depletion of oxygen and
substrate) resulting in irreversible cell damage. The second study describing the biochemical pattern when
the decrease in MAP causes a moderate reduction of CBF (pronounced decrease in oxygen at continued
supply of substrate) compatible with a normalization at re-transfusion. And the third the biochemical
pattern when pronounced hypotension due to haemorrhagic shock is treated with norepinephrine to
normalize MAP. Lastly, we examined if it is possible to use microdialysis of the draining venous cerebral
blood to evaluate perturbation of global cerebral energy metabolism during haemorrhagic shock.In summary, the thesis demonstrates that the level of MAP and the duration of arterial hypotension during
haemorrhagic shock are not sufficient criteria to determine whether irreversible brain damage will occur or
not. From a clinical perspective, group data from large studies a used to establish general
recommendations. These recommendations are not necessarily adequate for the individual patient and
recent guidelines emphasize that individual considerations should be taken. However, there is presently no
clinical routine technique available to determine the individual limits.We have shown that intracerebral microdialysis may be used to determine the biochemical pattern when
haemorrhagic shock will cause irreversible tissue damage. The pattern is different from that obtained
during a moderate reduction in cerebral blood flow compatible with a normalization of energy metabolism
after re-transfusion. Further, we have shown that early treatment with norepinephrine (i.e., before the
biochemical variables indicate pronounced ischemia with depletion of oxygen and substrate) may
normalize energy metabolism before re-transfusion. As intracerebral microdialysis will hardly be an option
during severe haemorrhagic shock under clinical conditions, we have examined whether microdialysis of
the draining venous blood may be used as a surrogate marker during a dangerous deterioration of cerebral
energy metabolism.
U2 - 10.21996/3xde-j083
DO - 10.21996/3xde-j083
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -